Back To The Future: Mastodon Extends The Time Limit On DNA Sequencing

In a new paper in the open access journal PLoS Biology, Michael Hofreiter from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, and
colleagues from Switzerland and the United States, announce the sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genome of the mastodon (Mammut americanum), a
recently extinct relative of the living elephants that diverged about 26 million years ago. The sequence was obtained from a tooth dated to
50,000-130,000 years ago, increasing the specimen age for which such palaeogenomic analyses have been done by almost a complete glacial cycle. The
mastodon becomes only the third extinct taxon for which the complete mitochondrial genome is known, joining the superficially similar looking woolly
mammoth, and several species of Moa, the giant flightless Australasian bird.



Using the mitochondrial genome sequence, together with sequences from two African elephants, two Asian elephants, and two woolly mammoths (obtained
from previous work), it was shown that mammoths are more closely related to Asian than to African elephants. This shows the power of genetic data to
clarify interrelationships, even in the case of well studied taxa. Moreover, the researchers used the mastodon data as a calibration point, lying
outside the Elephantidae radiation (elephants and mammoths), which enabled them to estimate accurately the time of divergence of African elephants
from Asian elephants and mammoths (about 7.6 million years ago) and the time of divergence between mammoths and Asian elephants (about 6.7 million
years ago). These dates are strikingly similar to the divergence time for humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, and raise the possibility that the
speciation of mammoths and elephants and of humans and African great apes had a common cause. Despite the similarity in divergence times, the
substitution rate within primates is more than twice as high as in proboscideans, showing that the molecular clock ticks differently for different
taxa.



Rohland N, Malaspinas AS, Pollack JL, Slatkin M, Matheus P, et al. (2007)

Proboscidean mitogenomics: Chronology and mode of elephant evolution using mastodon as outgroup.

PLoS Biol 5(8): e207. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207.

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